ITALY STATE


Italy state has been selected by Roberto Amati in relation to the real history of european integration, then enlisted in the EUROPEAN STATES category, accompanied by own fact SHEET useful to the comprehension, completed of historical MAPS AND IMAGES or with a direct linking to the related Blog contents dedicated to the aeternitas and the future of Europe.


Italy


Italy is an aeternitas of the history of european integration that will have influence on the future of Europe. The name given by the inhabitants is REPUBBLICA ITALIANA applying the official national language of Italian (belonging to the group of Italic family) spoken by the citizens who today live in the parliamentary Republic of Italy, together with the minorities speaking other Italic idioms as Ladino and Italo-Dalmatian&Istiot, guaranteed locally with special juridical recognition, or the dialets Lumbard, Ligurian, Neapolitan, Sicilian and Sardinian largely spreaded in the country.


Italy is situated in southern Europe above the Alps and along all the Appennini mountains, sourrounded eastward by the Adriatic Sea, southward by the Ionian and Mediterranean seas and westward by the Thyrrenian and Ligurian seas, while its borders are defined by the Alps chain on North with Austria and Switzerland, at West with France and at East with Slovenia. Are included in the Italy's territoriality the big island of Sicily, Sardinia and Elba and the archiperlagos of Aeolies, Pontine and Tremiti, plus the exclave of Campione d'Italia. Its territory has been formed during thousands years by the Alps (the Mont Blanc is the highest mountain of Europe) and the Appennini chains that give origin to several rivers: the Po river pass throught and created the Pianura Padana before to erupt with a wade delta into the Adriatic Sea, after reveiving tributes from the Dora Baltea, the Bormida, the Trebbia, the Tycinus, the Adda and the Adige alpine rivers; Arno and Tiber are the longest rivers within the Appennini and famous for passing throught the cities of Florence and Rome. Around 7,500 km of coasts are mostly sandy, except for the mount Gargano region, the Cilento area and great part of the Calabria littoral, that makes Italy (together with its incomparable cultural estate) one of the most famous and frequented touristic destination in the world. Italy is rich of lakes in particular in the Alpine region, as the Garda, the Maggiore, the Como e the Iseo lakes, while in the centre country are present large lakes of vulcanic origin such as the Bolsena, the Bracciano and the Trasimeno, differently from the big adriatic lidos of Venice, Lesina and Varano. In Italy there exist some of the biggest and still active vulcanos of Europe as the Etna and the Stromboli mountains in Sicily, whereas the famous Vesuvius and the area of Campi Flegrei are witnesses of the strong seismic activities underground the Gulf of Naples. The climate is temperate at North, influenced by the humidity from the atlantic region, such as in Sardinia that can benefit of the mediterranean climate of the centre-southern country, usually dried and hot, while on northern mountains the weather is typically alpine and characterized by rigid temperatures and plentiful precipitations during all year.


How old is Italy? The history of Italy began with the settlements of the Megalithics people (as you can see in this article) on the western Alps, on the northern Thyrrenian Sealands and in Sardinia during the Neolithic age, who had been followed by the Alpines people on the whole Alps chain and by the Italics people in centre-southern part of the country and also by some Illyrians tribes on the Adriatic Sealands, until 2500 B.C.. Whereas in X century B.C. in Italy was founded the reign of Etruscans in Tuscany, around the Dodecapolis cities and Siena and Bologna colonies, who developed the Villanovian civilty and colonized the Pianura Padana e centre-southern Italy up to Naples. Where they met and fight the Greeks civilty spreaded in South Italy (Magna Graecia), in the city-daughters of the greeks Kingdoms-Polys (Basileia) of Larinum, Taras, Caelia/Ceglie, Cumae, Naples, Metaponto, Heraclea, Sybari, Kroton, Locri, Regium, Catania, Messina, Syracuse, Akragas, Gela, Segesta, etc. Time after, in VII century A.D. came the invasion of the Senoni tribe of Celts (during La Téne and Golasecca cultures epoch) in eastern Pianura Padana, concurrently with the Romans foundation of their civitas of Rome in 735 B.C. under Romulus (son of the greek God Ares with a woman descending from the greek Goddess Aphrodite and Aeneas hero of the Troy royal dinasty), who married the descendant of the greek God Hermes.


As evident, the situation was so complex and fragmented that a question emerges: when was founded Italy? From III century B.C. the Romans started the conquest of all Italy, completed in 194 B.C. with the annexation of the Pianura Padana to the Respublica of Rome as Gallia Cisalpina/Annonaria province, aside the Sicilia province and the Sardinia-Corsica province conquered at the end of the first punic war against Carthago. Within the reform of Augustus (see Roman Empire), Italy was included into the Italiae province and fragmented in Regios (I Latio et Campania; II Apulia et Calabria; III Lucania et Bruttii; IV Samnium; V Picenum; VI Umbria et ager Gallicus; VII Etruria; VIII Aemilia; IX Liguria; X Venetia-Istria; XI Traspadania) but with the reform of Constantine I (see Christian Empire) was divided in two parts: the Italiae diocesi southern of the Rubicon river, including Rome 'Urbs' and Suburbicaria and Sicilia and Sardinia-Corsica provinces; the Annonaria diocesi composed of the Cisalpina and Alpes and Noricum provinces. Romans builts a wade roads network all around Europe whose centre was Rome, passing through the several civitas founded by them as Aquileia, Asti, Alba, Ivrea, Piacenza, Brescia, Cremona, Parma, Modena, Florence, Cagliari, Capua, etc. while large Israelites communities were already present in the I century B.C. in Rome, Naples, Benevento, Salerno, Kroton, Regium, Syracuse, Akragas, Messina and Catania.


The Roman Empire has been ruled from 27 B.C. to 476 A.D. by many Roman dinasties (Gens Julia-Claudia, Gens Flavia, Gens Aurelia, Gens Antonini, Gens Severi, Gens Valeria, Gens Costantini, Gens Teodosiani, Gens Valentiniani, Gens Anicia, other 'anarkist' or laters), mostly descending from greek gods, but at the falling of the Western Roman Empire Italy remained divided in two parts quite until XIX century A.D.! Indeed the invasions of Germans people saw the Vandals creating the Regna Vandaloricum in the Sardinia-Corsica province, ruled by Asdingi dinasty, and the Ostrogoths found the Regna Ostrogotorum in most part of the country under Amali dinasty, both annexed to Byzantine Empire in 553 A.D. at the end of the "greek-goths war". Then from VI to X century A.D. the Italiae diocesi had been fractioned in Exarchate of Ravenna, Pentapolis, Themes of Calabria, of Longobardia and of Sikelia, aside the independent Theme of Sardinea-Corsica, the Duchy of Venetia and the Neapolis Principality (watch this map), while the rest of the country had been conquered in 568 A.D. by Lombards, who founded the Regna Longobardorum under the Alboinici and Agilolfingi dinasties but fragmented in main duchies (Turin, Verona, Friuli, Tuscia, Spoleto and Benevento).


The political situation changed again with the conquest by Franks in 774 A.D.: with the renovatio imperii reform of Charlemagne the land of Italy was annexed to the Carolingian Empire, within the Regnum Italiae ruled by the Carolingian dinasty and fragmented as succeeding the ex-lombards duchies in the marks of Ivrea of Friuli/Verona of Tuscia and Spoleto and the Patrimonium Petri (see Vatican State). The rest of the country remained under possessions of Constantinople, where had been founded the 'Free marine republics' of Venice (697 - 1805 A.D., ruled by city Dogi), of Genoa (958 - 1815 A.D., ruled by city Dogi) and of Pisa. The only great difference was the independent status of the ex-lombard or byzantine duchies in southern country: the Duchy of Benevento (existing from 571 A.D.) and the County of Capua (founded in 840 A.D.) both ruled by lombards dinasty, that in 900 A.D. had been joined and elevated to Principaliy of Capua&Benevento under the Teano dinasty; the Principality of Salerno, founded in 840 A.D. ruled by the citizen's dinasties of Siconidi, Pietridi and Dauferidi before to be passed to Teano dinasty, such as happened to the Duchy of Naples founded in 661 A.D. by Byzantines and ruled by Cuma dinasty. So Italy continued to be divided in two different parts: when the Carolingian Empire was splitted in 843 A.D. with the Verdun treaty, it became part of the Regna Lotharingia and seat of the imperial title of rex romanorum crowned in Pavia or in Rome (until 1527 A.D. with Emperor Charles V) ruled by Carolingian and their related dinasties of Unrochidi, Guidoni, Bosonidi and Anscarici.


But the political situation of Italy evolved again with the conquest of Vikings, who in XI century A.D. were able to join all the southern fiefs into the Kingdom of Sicily with capital in Palermo and ruled by the Hauteville dinasty allied to the Popes. While in 962 A.D. the northern part of Italy had been annexed to the Reich Empire by the emperor Otto I 'said the great', then had been founded new feifs became important all along the history of european integration.

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